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With a toxic nodule there is a single nodule making the extra amount of thyroid hormone. The common endogenous causes of hyperthyroidism are Graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, and painless thyroiditis (Table 1).1–9 Graves disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States,2 is an autoimmune disorder in which thyroid-stimulating antibodies activate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, triggering thyroid hormone synthesis. The role of imaging in Graves' disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Pearce EN, McGeoch SC, Incidence, clinical characteristics and outcome of congestive heart failure as the initial presentation in patients with primary hyperthyroidism. 23. Besides general anesthesia risk, thyroidectomy carries a risk of inadvertently injuring parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerves.34, Antithyroid medications can control hyperthyroidism, but do not induce remission of hyperthyroidism associated with toxic adenoma or toxic multinodular goiter. A systematic review of drug therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism. Carney LA, Villanueva R, Fukata S, 2007;30(3):242–248. Antithyroid drug-related hepatotoxicity in hyperthyroidism patients: a population-based cohort study. 39. Duyff RF, Hyperthyroidism can be due to various causes, and Graves’ disease is one such pathological condition that abnormally increases the thyroxin levels in the body. Noh JY, Gulseren L, Am Fam Physician. et al. Bevan JS. ISSN 2002-4436. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Cappelli C, Relationship between cigarette smoking and Graves' ophthalmopathy. et al. 2010;322(1–2):125–134. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. Excess estrogen from pregnancy or estrogen therapy leads to elevated levels of thyroxine-binding globulin, which manifests as elevated total T4 and T3 levels while TSH and free T4 levels remain normal (Table 3).20,21 These findings do not indicate hyperthyroidism and require no treatment.21. Antithyroid medication (methimazole [Tapazole] or propylthiouracil), No exposure to radiation or to surgical risks, Propylthiouracil is safe for the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, Agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity (especially with propylthiouracil), rash, Methimazole can cause aplasia cutis and other birth defects in the first trimester of pregnancy, No exposure to potential adverse effects of an antithyroid medication or to surgical risks, Aggravation of Graves orbitopathy, especially in smokers, Permanent hypothyroidism (occurs in most patients), Failure to cure hyperthyroidism if the radioactive iodine dose is insufficient, Risk of Graves disease recurrence even after successful treatment, No exposure to adverse effects of an antithyroid medication or to radiation, Little chance of Graves disease recurrence, Risk of damaging recurrent laryngeal nerve leading to hoarse voice (if damage is unilateral) or of respiratory distress (if damage is bilateral), Risk of inadvertent damage or removal of parathyroid glands leading to permanent hypoparathyroidism, Information from: Abraham P, Avenell A, Park CM, Watson WA, Bevan JS. Toxic nodule or toxic multinodular goiter refers to one or more nodules (typically benign growths) in the thyroid gland that make thyroid hormone without responding to the signal to keep thyroid hormone balanced. Huang CH, Avenell A, Graves’ disease is an autoimmune thyroid disorder with an unknown etiology. 2011;99:39–51. The result is the diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland. Overview and Key Difference 38. Burch HB, Sibling recurrence risk in autoimmune thyroid disease. Gozu HI, et al. The end result is that too much thyroid hormone can be produced and released into the bloodstream, resulting in hyperthyroidism. Huang TY, The increase in the sympathetic activity and osmolarity are the main causes. Usui T, Acharya SH, Lau CP, A = consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence; B = inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence; C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. A systematic review of drug therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism, Bartalena L. Diagnosis and management of Graves disease: a global overview, Cappelli C, Pirola I, De Martino E, et al. Faber J. Moderate to severe Graves orbitopathy is a relative contraindication, especially in patients who smoke, because radioactive iodine may exacerbate the eye disease.32,33 In mild cases of Graves orbitopathy, radioactive iodine ablation can be performed with concomitant glucocorticoid therapy. Liu X, Depression, anxiety, health-related quality of life, and disability in patients with overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction. A systematic review of drug therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism. Mendu DR, If a biopsy shows that you have a noncancerous thyroid nodule, your doctor may suggest simply watching your condition. Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism. 1. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Bergmann N, Uptake is the percentage of an iodine 123 (I-123) tracer dose taken up by the thyroid gland, ranging from 15% to 25% at 24 hours. Fatourechi V. Beck-Peccoz P, Fatourechi V. 2011;121(1):68–76. Graves’ disease is one cause of hyperthyroidism. Ozen C, β-hCG = beta human chorionic gonadotropin; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone. Surgical resection of the thyroid gland. All rights reserved. Duyff RF, Therefore, radioactive iodine ablation and thyroidectomy are the main treatment options for these conditions. Bevan JS. Thyroid. Laman DM, The choice of treatment depends on the benefits vs. risks in a specific clinical situation and on the patient's preference25  (eTable A). Noh JY, Basaria S, Because use of propylthiouracil has a higher risk of causing severe liver injury, as highlighted in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's boxed warning, methimazole is preferred except during the first trimester of pregnancy (can cause birth defects) and in patients with an adverse reaction to methimazole.28,29 For patients using methimazole, the prevalence of agranulocytosis is 0.17%, the incidence of hepatitis is 3.17 per 1,000 person-years, and the incidence of acute hepatic failure is 0.32 per 1,000 person-years.30,31 Patients should be instructed to discontinue medication use and contact their physician if they develop jaundice, acholic stools, dark urine, arthralgias, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, or sore throat. Fatourechi V. Thyroid function tests to confirm thyrotoxicosis. 1993;22(2):263–277. Bencivelli W, Therefore, there is an increase in the thyroxin level in the blood. Pinchera A. 4. This may also be referred to as a ‘toxic adenoma’. Tomer Y. If a thyroid nodule isn't cancerous, treatment options include: Watchful waiting. Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease: a 2014 update. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, go to, Source: For more information on the Choosing Wisely Campaign, see, β-hCG = beta human chorionic gonadotropin; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone, Suppressed TSH is < 0.1 mIU per mL; low TSH is 0.1 to 0.4 mIU per mL, = thyroxine; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone, Subclinical hyperthyroidism does not refer to the absence of signs and symptoms, Radioactive iodine uptake (normal = 15% to 25%), Radiotracer distribution in the thyroid gland, ANCA = antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies; NA = not applicable; T, Estimated retail price of one month's treatment based on information obtained at, Information from: Abraham P, Avenell A, Park CM, Watson WA, Bevan JS. Home » Toxic Nodule and Toxic Multinodular Goiter. Soldin SJ. 2006;37(1):133–139. Li KL, 20. van Deventer HE, Olesen JB, Antithyroid drug-related hepatotoxicity in hyperthyroidism patients: a population-based cohort study. Pirola I, Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab.      Print. Toxic Nodule and Toxic Multinodular Goiter Brochure PDF, For information on thyroid patient support organizations, please visit the Patient Support Links section on the ATA website at www.thyroid.org, October 2, 2018—The American Thyroid Association (ATA) will hold its 88th Annual Meeting on October…, February 2014 - Pfizer is pleased to announce that LEVOXYL® (levothyroxine sodium), a prescription medicine…, We have been made aware of a shortage of Levoxyl (levothyroxine sodium – Pfizer). Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis. Elevated or above-normal TSH levels (greater than 4.0 mIU per mL) at antithyroid drug discontinuation is associated with an increased likelihood of permanent remission.27.

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