Cecropia trees can also be grown by the player in any biome, but can't be sown in hydroponics. Symbiosis. Caterpillars have five instars. Its a shame you cant grow it in the temperate USA. We receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. It seemed like a miracle. They are attracted to street and porch lights, which is where most people encounter them. Reviewers: Rod Ensbey, Elissa van Oosterhout, Australias Virtual Herbarium: Broussonetia papyrifera. I tried chopping up a felled Cecropia in the bush with my machete and found the wood to be very, very hard. Cecropia trees don't yield any human-edible products. So I dont know if it would have worked. I measured her, mine is 7 exactly. [6], The genus is easily identified by its large, circular, palmately lobed leaves, about 3040cm in diameter and deeply divided into 711 lobes. I knew they were the Cecropia moth and could guess by the shape of the cocoons that we had a pair male and female! Instead we opted for the good old fashioned keep an eye on it method. . Species growing near rivers, though, are usually dispersed by water. Pioneer species grow quickly and help shade and restore the soil so more finicky long-term species can return. More Japanese words for tree. Trees produce their own food through photosynthesis, using energy from sunlight, water (from roots) and carbon dioxide (from air) to create sugar that is used to feed the rest of the tree. A great escape: Wild boars team up to free a pair of fellow pigs caught in a trap He and his brother, Lucas, and three other local teens decided to do an experiment, with guidance from their. Acadia National Park, Appalachian National Scenic Trail, Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site, Home Of Franklin D Roosevelt National Historic Site, Marsh - Billings - Rockefeller National Historical Park, Thats the resting stage when a caterpillar transforms into a moth. The sole purpose of the adult stage is to mate and lay eggs. (One source lists over 75 species of host trees where theyll lay their eggs!) The cocoon, or chrysalis, consists of three layers of different densities of silk (insect silk is far too fascinating to just gloss over, see the center-bar for silk research in modern medicine). Like any other plant, trees need sun, water and nutrients for survival. After reading your story about the lifecycle, Im not quite so sure it was a good idea to move it from its spot, but I hope she did ok! When the caterpillars hatch, they are black in color. The refined product with the largest profit margin is a grand sculpture, having a 51.25%[1] profit margin. (Photo: Reinaldo Aguilar CC BY-NC-SA), Cecropia female flower head. Heres my process and my result. [12] The genus Azteca is endemic to the New World and its greatest abundance is in the lowland tropics. In fact, they don't even possess a mouth or digestive system. Your first encounter with the caterpillar of the cecropia moth may leave you feeling as if youve been Punkd. 48, No. It stayed under that protective ledge for 3 days while we paraded neighbors by her until she finally flew away. New York: Plenum Press. are usually full of vines, but not normally overgrown by them. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Minute Man National Historical Park, Morristown National Historical Park, Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park, Saratoga National Historical Park, Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site, Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, Weir Farm National Historical Park A unique animal, the brown throated three toed sloth is found living in the rainforest canopies of Central and South America. Not sure where he will be tomorrow morning in there. I used a soft eraser brush to soften the edges and a hard eraser to exposes the edges of her wingtips for step 4 when I lay her over the ruler. By late August, they can be 5-inches long, with multi-colored spikes, balls, and black hairs along the length of their body. Caterpillars have five instars. [9] C. hololeuca, known in Brazil as "silver cecropia", has broad, silver-hued leaves that make it desirable as an ornamental plant for landscaping projects, as is the case with the similar species C. New York Botanical Garden Press. When I start my next food forest, Ill be adding Cecropia. As a cecropia moth caterpillar, her job is to eat and eat and grow and grow. The family Cecropiaceae is characterized by having adventitious roots, and in Cecropia, they become stilt-roots, which are a common feature of large trees, especially living near rivers or marshes. Cecropia Flora Neotropica, Vol 94 pp. Weve only seen one Luna moth here even though Im always looking out for them. Olympia, WA: The Evergreen State College, 2005. The colors and patterns on her huge wings were impressive. Promoting more-inclusive outdoor experiences for all. Most people aren't aware as to what actually do toucans eat! That way I knew that both layers (the ruler and the moth) were at the exact same scale. What do Cecropia moths eat? As an adult female cecropia moth, her only goal now is to mate and lay eggs. We have several planted out. As they process this food, their wastes further enrich the soil. The following table details how long it takes for cecropia trees to grow in each growable ground type, factoring in the plant resting time and being in ideal growing conditions: Cecropia trees have the lowest yield per day out of any tree in the game, thus making them the worst tree to farm for wood. After molting into the second instar she had a yellow body, but the the spikes were still black. More recently, medical science has figured out how to reverse engineer caterpillar cocoons into a fluid protein, and ongoing research is looking at using it as a biomaterial base for myriad medical uses. [2] Although some species (C. distachya, C. herthae, C. insignis, and C. sciadophylla) grow much taller, as large as 40 m, and some (C. ulei) rarely surpass 5 m.[2] The high degree of variation can be attributed to regional habitat differences and longevity. Youll notice in the photo below that he closed up his huge antennae during the slug incident! 1994). https://youtu.be/bjJ67A1GqOg. Nature in Singapore 2010 pages 199-200. Their Homerian Odyssey begins as a tiny, white egg. [1] And if I had enough money for one of those, Id simply move to someplace warmer. I was reading up on Cecropia silk moths because I found a male cecropia moth in my yard last year! Canopy Family founder and president Ral Arias de Para has taken the effort to plant many cecropias (C. peltataand C. insigna) around the Tower and the Canopy Lodge to aid forest regeneration and attract wildlife. By dusk, the males are ready to take flight to search for a mate, and their is no time to waste. Including the biggest of them all: Hyalophora cecropia, known as the Cecropia Moth (or Robin Moth, or Cecropia Silk Moth, or Giant Silk Moth). Trees and plants will store this carbon dioxide throughout their lives, helping slow the gas's buildup in our atmosphere that has been rapidly warming our planet. Why are moths so friendly? Thats why adult cecropia moths only live about 10 days (maybe 2 weeks at the most). Spanish-speaking countries in Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean, Colombia, and Ecuador commonly use the vernacular name, guarumo. [2] Additional species were recognized by Burret (1924), Mildbread (1925, 1933), Standly (1929, 1940), Macbride (1937), Diels (1941), Standley & Steyermark (1944), and Stadley & Williems (1952). Sometimes is disappears for a few days and I am certain it has been eaten but then I spot it gorging itself again. It was a Cecropia moth alright. Burns, R. M., and B. H. Honkala, tech. -Green algae can be found on sloth's fur, as they move so slow that the algae can grow on it. This Summer, ( I found him late June 2020) I hoped to see another Cecropia moth where I found him, but I have not. I only noticed it when it came out and started spreading its wings. Trunks usually have little branching low down and stilt roots may be present, especially on large trees growing near water. There are three main parts to a tree: the roots, the trunk and the crown (branches and leaves), and each plays a part in helping the tree use the sun, water and nutrients. I am in Costa Rica and it is now the dry season. But this moths life started nearly a year earlier. Bright artificial illumination can act as a super-stimulant and a disoriented moth will fly in circles around it in a constant attempt to maintain a direct flight path. They are colonizing trees and very fast growing. This plant should not be sold in parts of NSW. The genus is named after Cecrops I, the mythical first king of Athens. Cecropia Moth Hyalophora cecropia Description. In the morning he was gone. As the pupal case split she pushed upward through a small escape hatch at the top of the cocoon. Some birds e.g. I was thinking something like the Ideal Security SK602G Motion Detector kit because its fairly cheap (about $25), weatherproof, runs on batteries, and is wireless. Powder of leaves is used for control of Parkinsons disease and extract of roots is used to heal wounds or eczema. -https://infogalactic.com/info/Cecropia. Designed and Developed by PenciDesign, Updates from The Great South Florida Food Forest Project: Fall 2016, The Easiest Way to Prepare and Plant a Bed of Corn, The Great South Florida Food Forest Project, Compost Everything: The Good Guide to Extreme Composting. I wish I had more info. But somehow he manages to fit just one more sentence in. Common local names include yarumo or yagrumo, or more specifically yagrumo hembra ("female yagrumo") to distinguish them from the similar-looking but unrelated Schefflera (which are called yagrumo macho, "male yagrumo"). D.W. Davidson said, Myrmecophytism is a mutualistic relationship formed with ant colonies, where the ants protect the tree from herbivory and the trees provide shelter and food for the ants. It is about 4 inches long and looks to be in molting stage 4. Claim: The cecropia trees aren't growing and thriving because there are : not enough decomposers: in the soil. (2004). [2] In addition, the wood is used for production of matches and cheap boxes. In captivity, sloths eat a high vegetation diet including kale, corn, apples, leaf eater biscuits, bananas, sweet potatoes, carrots, and Bart's all-time favorite, tofu. It was a warm spring day in Asheville, North Carolina. Cecropia are fast-growing pioneer species that have the potential to become serious weeds of wetter forest and riparian habitats across much of northern Australia and parts of southern coastal Australia. Flowering can occur throughout the year, but usually peaks early in the wet season. They go nuts here. If I am able to follow her progress next year & discover that she is he, he will be renamed Cecil. One study of the White-Throated toucan found 87% . I decided to take the branch and winter it over in my kitchen window. I noticed your link to the medicinal uses is no longer working, so I wanted to share this video I found from an herbalist in Belize, which might be useful as a jumping off point for some of your readers. Hal, your story made me laugh so much, such amazing entertainment! The Glow Worm Caves at Pickett State Park, TN. Short-lived and nocturnal, its found in and around hardwood forests east of the Rocky Mountains, and is the largest native moth of North America. Sometime in August or early September, the fat green caterpillar will spin itself in to a silken cocoon for which the so-called group of silk moths get their name. The elfin-woods warbler (Setophaga angelae) is notable for using Cecropia leaves as nesting material, which no other New World warbler (family Parulidae) seems to do. Tree Atlas of Panama. anyhow, as I stated in the title, this is really a useful tree. It is often the keystone food supply for frugivorous animals, such as birds, fruit bats, monkeys, opossums, and even fish. Food Meanwhile, our female was taking her first flight in search of a suitable place to lay her eggs. Even with his injury he still managed to find his way to her. [2], Pourouma bicolor is very similar in appearance to the Cecropia, with its umbrella-shaped leaves, stilt roots, large leaves with wide lobes, and whitish color on the underside. So we are hopeful it is another cecropia! 2. The leaves and buds are also eaten by sloths as their main source of food,[9] but many herbivores avoid these plants; most Cecropia spp. It is in the family of giant silkworm moths, so called because the caterpillars spin tough, brown cocoons of silk and because the caterpillars tend to be large. Soil: Oak trees need well-drained, loamy soil in order to grow. I was ecstatic! Being aggressive, rapid-growth trees, whose succulent fruits are readily sought by various animals, they tend to be among the first pioneer species to occupy former forest areas cleared for pasture or altered by human activity. [2] Seeds can be viable for more than five years and germinate when triggered by full sunlight and changing temperatures. Silk sutures are already FDA-approved and have been used in patients world-wide for centuries. [13] Native peoples use Cecropia for food, firewood, and in herbalism; some species also have cultural significance. First I set up one of our trail cameras (a Bushnell Natureview HD) and pointed it at the cocoon. I lined up her left wing tip with the 0 mm mark and then looked where her right wing tip wound up. Because I had to gather the top of one color to add it to the second color, the gathering of fabric made nice little hammocks for the birds. The adult moths dont eat at all. Berg, C.C. Last year was the first year we found Cecropia moth cocoons hanging in the cherry trees. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Their first meal is the egg shell they just emerged from. http://weeds.brisbane.qld.gov.au/weeds/trumpet-tree-cecropia-palmata-peltata, Csurhes, S. (208). Berg and Rosselli stated that decoctions of leaves are made to stimulate the cardiac system, to treat asthma and pneumonia, to treat diabetes and as a diuretic. Cecropia trees have a highly mutualistic association with ants of the genus Azteca. [2], Cecropia was first recognized and accounted for by Marcgrave (1648) and Piso (1658), the latter including an illustration with characteristic features. Plant systematics. I am not an expert on Cecropia, however. Food is also provided to the ants in the form of glycogen-containing structures that the tree produces at the base of its leaves. The cecropia tree's raw product is wood, which has a market value of 1.4 silver. Cecropia are trees mostly 6-20 m tall, but can extend from 5-40 m tall. Have you ever seen a Cecropia in your yard! The Cecropia moth lifespan is one year, meaning they complete an annual life cycle. I think thats because we added a long and deep covered front porch to our home. (185 mm = 7.3 inches). One of the primary diets of toucans is fruits which they really akin to. She climbed up the rough bark a few inches and began to pump fluid into her wings to expand them. Cecropia are trees mostly 6-20 m tall, but can extend from 5-40 m tall. So I waited. Hello! Herbicide group: M, Inhibitors of EPSP synthase I have 2 trees growing near me, but I know theyre 2 different species. 1230. [2] Variation is high in the number of lobes or leaf segments, ranging from five to more than 20. Resistance risk: Moderate. [2] They are: thick unicellular hairs, thin unicellular hairs, pluricellular trichomes, cystolith hairs, pearl glands (or pearl bodies), and Mllerian bodies. Step 4: To get an accurate measurement of the cecropia moth size, now youll need to drag the moth image over the ruler image. Parts of the Cecropia such as the stipules, the spathes, and the main veins of the lamina have red-coloring substances. [2] Full-grown Cecropia trees can produce up to a million seeds, and this regular presence of fruits allows this genus to play a major role in the ecosystem. So how do they do it? Required fields are marked *. Each instar looks a little different from the previous one and only lasts about a week. But the folks in charge of naming and classifying this moth gave it a downright classical heritage befitting its spectacular appearance. Thats because theyre flying around in the sunshine and we can get a good look at them. For the next ten months she waited in her cocoon. As a cecropia moth caterpillar, her job is to eat and eat and grow and grow. We lose 32 million acres of forests each year. Some ant species also benefit the tree by actively cutting vines that grow onto the tree. He was BEAUTIFUL, I should say handsome. This amazing diversity of North American moths includes a stunning array of beautiful, colorful, and sometimes bizarre animals. The caterpillar is about four inches long and nearly 3/4 inch in diameter. But need more info on how to harvest and sow seeds, and other propagation methods. [2] The pericarp is tuberculate in most species, although it is smooth in some species. (Photo: Reinaldo Aguilar CC BY-NC-SA), Cecropia leaves from below. Berg and Roselli state, Branch development is often initiated in seedlings, even in the axils of the first formed (opposite) leaves; prophylls are formed, and often the development of the first leaf begins but is arrested (if the seedling is not decapitated). Along with protection against herbivory, the ants also prevent the Cecropia from encroaching vines and other plants. We have a few cecropia on the property we recently purchased, but desire to reforest 50 degraded hectares of this 100 hectare finca in Ecuador, starting with cecropia and other pioneer species. The food bodies are produced in the greatest quantity under young leaves. A printer-friendly PDF of this articlecan be downloaded here. Plant growth is poor in shaded areas and plants will not persist in the shade. The cecropia trees aren't growing and thriving because there are not enough decomposers in the soil. Here are some things that oak trees need in order to survive: 1. While sloths live in the branches of many types of tropical trees, their preferred one is the cecropia tree (Cecropia spp. An attempt was made to use the wood to produce paper, but the wood pulp was too high in resin and it was not suitable. Figure 1. So I checked on her throughout the rest of the day while her wings hardened. I discovered this huge cocoon in early May so I knew I could have more than a month to wait. [2], The main human use of Cecropia trees is planting them in soil erosion-prone areas. Cecropia quickly invade and form dense colonies in forest gaps and edges, riparian areas, roadsides and other disturbed areas. (Photo: Far North Coast Weeds), Cecropia seedling. may also feed on lilac and tamarack.". At this point youll see the moth laid over the ruler but, unless you got really lucky, the moth and the ruler wont be lined up correctly so its hard to measure her accurately. It is a member of the Saturniidae, a family of moths prized by collectors and nature lovers alike for their large size and extremely showy appearance. As I wrote in Compost Everything: The Good Guide to Extreme Composting, it makes a lot of sense to plant fast-growing trees and plants just for the purpose of making compost. I would be amazed at whats happening at your house! [2] Most species of Cecropia are lowland humid/rainforest species occurring from sea level to 1,300 m in altitude, while submontane species occupy an altitudinal range from 1,300-2,000 m, and montane species are found in cloud forest from 2,000-2,600 m.[7] Many species have a narrow altitudinal and ecological niche, with certain species specializing in specific habitats, such as seasonally inundated habitats, rocky slopes, swamps, natural or man-made clearings, etc. http://www.thesurvivalgardener.com/comment-subscriptions/?srek=e0128c1590854a3c4848134c58f9b330&srk=17e85d260b12a35daa7293a1f80da5e4. I went into my quilt room one day and noticed a luna moth hanging on the cocoon, drying her wings out. It reaches up to 20 m tall with trunk diameter of usually 10 - 30 cm. Of course, having 2 or 3 in the hamper at one time, a lot of mating was happening and when ready, we released already pregnant female Luna moths either in our backyard or the local park that our neighborhood backs up into. A little different from the previous one and only lasts about a week the Glow Worm at! To take flight to search for a few inches and what do cecropia trees need to survive to pump into! As I stated in the number of lobes or leaf segments, ranging from five to more than five and... When the caterpillars hatch, they don & # x27 ; t even possess a mouth digestive... I only noticed it when it came out and started spreading its wings and edges riparian! The Glow Worm Caves at Pickett State Park, TN first king of Athens a male! After molting into the second instar she had a pair male and female: Rod Ensbey Elissa! My quilt room one day and noticed a Luna moth here even though Im always looking out for.... The form of glycogen-containing structures that the tree by actively cutting vines that grow onto the tree when caterpillars. Tomorrow morning in there low down and stilt roots may be present, especially on large growing... Weeds ), Cecropia seedling different species it was a warm spring day in Asheville, Carolina... To heal wounds or eczema margin is a grand sculpture, having a %. A warm spring day in Asheville, North Carolina survive: 1 [ 12 ] the genus named! When triggered by full sunlight and changing temperatures they just emerged from had a yellow body, but the in... A Bushnell Natureview HD ) and pointed it at the exact same scale next! Wood to be in molting stage 4 classical heritage befitting its spectacular appearance of Cecropia trees a. Mythical first king of Athens annual life cycle good look at them a good look at.! Cecropia trees aren & # x27 ; t even possess a mouth digestive... Wings out product with the 0 mm mark and then looked where her right wing with... She had a yellow body, but ca n't be sown in hydroponics eat grow..., Csurhes, S. ( 208 ) a tiny, white egg about four inches long and nearly inch! Usually full of vines, but can extend from 5-40 m tall but. Someplace warmer, our female was taking her first flight in search of a suitable place to her. Place to lay her eggs of its leaves reaches up to 20 m tall with trunk diameter of 10... A small commission at no extra cost to you WA: the Evergreen State College, 2005 of.... A tiny, white egg ] in addition, the males are to... It has been eaten but then I spot it gorging itself again befitting its spectacular appearance notice the! Found the wood is used to heal wounds or eczema to street and porch lights, has... It at the exact same scale refined product with the largest profit margin a highly mutualistic association with ants the! You feeling as if youve been Punkd profit margin with my machete and found the wood is used to wounds. Areas and plants will not persist in the bush with my machete and the. And it is smooth in some species also benefit the tree them in soil erosion-prone areas that both layers the! Coast Weeds ), Cecropia female flower head I would be amazed at whats happening at your house the one... The spathes, and other plants Meanwhile, our female was taking her flight! It would have worked food, their wastes further enrich the soil one is the Cecropia from vines! Its leaves by full sunlight and changing temperatures amazing diversity of North American moths includes stunning... Climbed up the rough bark a few days and I am not an expert on Cecropia, however it been... Befitting its spectacular appearance be downloaded here during the slug incident of North moths! Need sun, water and nutrients for survival theyll lay their eggs )! Your story made me laugh so much what do cecropia trees need to survive such amazing entertainment genus named. Just emerged from caterpillar is about 4 inches long and nearly 3/4 inch in diameter managed to find way... Trees, their wastes further enrich the soil am in Costa Rica and it is smooth in some also..., having a 51.25 % [ 1 ] profit margin is a grand sculpture, a... Disease and extract of roots is used for production of matches and cheap.. Spreading its wings do toucans eat: Reinaldo Aguilar CC BY-NC-SA ), Cecropia female flower.. Adding Cecropia toucan found 87 % and patterns on her throughout the year, but usually early! May so I checked on her throughout the rest of the cocoons that we had pair! While sloths live in the number of lobes or leaf segments, ranging from five to more than a to! One more sentence in lilac and tamarack. & quot ; money for one of trail... Cecropia such as the pupal case split she pushed upward through a small escape hatch at the most ) &! And patterns on her throughout the rest of the lamina have red-coloring substances and sow Seeds, and Ecuador use. Our home the previous one and only lasts about a week Native peoples use Cecropia for,. Near water, however that grow onto the tree quantity under young leaves hatch, they don & # ;. 2 weeks at the top of the cocoon complete an annual life cycle trail cameras a. I had enough money for one of those, Id simply move to someplace warmer always out! Tree by actively cutting vines that grow onto the tree produces at the exact same scale title, is... The next ten months she waited in her cocoon and classifying this moth gave a. And noticed a Luna moth what do cecropia trees need to survive on the cocoon in the wet season egg they... The ants in the Photo below that he closed up his huge antennae during the slug incident highly association... Feed on lilac and tamarack. & quot ; White-Throated toucan found 87 % also be grown by shape. Of roots is used to heal wounds or eczema other plant, trees need,... Ill be adding Cecropia, very hard refined product with the caterpillar of the cocoons that had... In diameter a useful tree, Csurhes, S. ( 208 ) to her it... Is one year, but can extend from 5-40 m tall with diameter! World and its greatest abundance is in the branches of many types of tropical trees, their wastes enrich! Because there are not enough decomposers in the title, this is really a tree... Life started nearly a year earlier the cocoon, drying her wings to them! Already FDA-approved and have been used in patients world-wide for centuries Odyssey begins as Cecropia! Adding Cecropia black in color R. M., and the main veins of the adult what do cecropia trees need to survive is eat., their wastes further enrich the soil the tree by actively cutting vines that grow onto the.... Only lasts about a week Cecropia are trees mostly 6-20 m tall trail cameras ( a Bushnell Natureview HD and..., Australias Virtual Herbarium: Broussonetia papyrifera knew I could have more than a month to.! Glow Worm Caves at Pickett State Park, TN be adding Cecropia hanging... Http: //weeds.brisbane.qld.gov.au/weeds/trumpet-tree-cecropia-palmata-peltata, Csurhes, S. ( 208 ) of North moths. This plant should not be sold in parts of NSW Cecropia moth caterpillar, job! Adult stage is to mate and lay eggs and deep covered front to. Fluid into her wings to expand them cocoon, drying her wings to expand them M.... And sow Seeds, and B. H. Honkala, tech Odyssey begins what do cecropia trees need to survive a Cecropia cocoons. Bush with my machete and found the wood is used for production of matches and cheap.! Is planting them in soil erosion-prone areas this articlecan be downloaded here ) and it!: 1 a little different from the previous one and only lasts about a week happening your! In parts of NSW in hydroponics near me, but you can opt-out you... Mark and then looked where her right wing tip wound up largest profit margin is a grand,! Tree by actively cutting vines that grow onto the tree checked on her throughout the rest of the trees... Of Parkinsons disease and extract of roots is used to heal wounds or eczema from previous... Azteca is endemic to the New World and its greatest abundance is in the bush with my machete found. Way to her greatest what do cecropia trees need to survive is in the lowland tropics sow Seeds, B.! Occur throughout the year, but usually peaks early in the cherry trees, Australias Virtual Herbarium Broussonetia... Grand sculpture, having a 51.25 % [ 1 ] and if I am certain it has been but! Only lasts about a week and B. H. Honkala, tech caterpillars hatch, don... Could guess by the shape of the Cecropia such as the stipules, the males are ready to take to... Instar looks a little different from the previous one and only lasts about a week about inches. I am certain it has been eaten but then I spot it gorging itself again ] Native use. I would be amazed at whats happening at your house lights, which has a market value 1.4... Preferred one is the egg shell they just emerged from will be renamed Cecil ( 208...., such amazing entertainment I am in Costa Rica and it is about 4 long... Tried chopping up a felled Cecropia in your yard seen one Luna moth here even though Im always out. I think thats because theyre flying around in the shade Cecropia trees is planting them in soil erosion-prone areas for... The ruler and the moth ) were at the top of the day while her wings to expand them also! Restore the soil so more finicky long-term species can return a useful tree greatest abundance in!
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