[116], The earliest probable example of infirming sick group members is a 1.77 Ma H. e. georgicus specimen who had lost all but one tooth due to age or gum disease, the earliest example of severe chewing impairment, yet still survived for several years afterwards. [118], The 1.5 Ma Turkana boy was diagnosed with juvenile spinal disc herniation, and, because this specimen was still growing, this caused some scoliosis (abnormal curving of the spine). Zanolli, Clment, et al.
Globular. A cladogram of Homo erectus is as follows. 
Male specimens have thicker cortical bone than females. distinct from early H. heidelbergensis (in Africa also known as H. [90], Artificial lighting may have led to increased waking hoursmodern humans have about a 16-hour waking period, whereas other apes are generally awake from only sunup to sundownand these additional hours were probably used for socializing.
From which country did the United States purchase the territory of Texas?
From the neck down, Homo erectus was.
Due to the transitional nature of archaic Homo sapiens, identifying the time period they are associated with is problematic and complex. Maintaining fires would require firekeepers to have knowledge on slow-burning materials such as dung. [84], Increasing brain size is often directly associated with a meatier diet and resultant higher caloric intake. [83] It is possible that malemale bonding and malefemale friendships were important societal aspects. [146] Testing showed that neither Asian nor African Homo erectus had uniquely large vault bones.[146]. New Evidence from an Old Collection Housed at Uppsala University, Sweden. Replica of lower jaws of Homo erectus from Tautavel, France. [114] The Middle Pleistocene "Venus of Tan-Tan" and "Venus of Berekhat Ram" are postulated to been crafted by H. erectus to resemble a human form.
[129][124], In 1935, Jewish German anthropologist Franz Weidenreich speculated that the inhabitants of the Chinese Zhoukoudian Peking Man site were members of some Lower Paleolithic Skull Cult because the skulls all showed fatal blows to the head, breaking in of the foramen magnum at the base of the skull, by-and-large lack of preserved facial aspects, an apparently consistent pattern of breaking on the mandible, and a lack of post-cranial remains (elements that are not the skull). But regionally this varies with considerable overlap between Homo erectus on the early end of the spectrum and modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals on the latter end.
Given few fossils of ancient humans had even been discovered at the time, they largely dismissed his findings as a malformed non-human ape.[10].
H. erectus may have also been the first to use a hunting and gathering food collecting strategy as a response to the increasing dependence on meat.
The bodies of the mandibles of H. erectus, and all early Homo, are thicker than those of modern humans and all living apes. WebOne of the traits most commonly associated with Homo erectus is an increase in body size. The large animals were likely scavenged at this site, but the turtles and fish were possibly collected live.
Neanderthals will be the exception, as they have several clearly unique traits that make them notably different from modern Homo sapiens as well as their closely related archaic cousins. Size, nonetheless, ranged widely from 146185cm (4ft 9in 6ft 1in) in height and 4068kg (88150lb) in weight. During this period of climatic transition and fluctuation, archaic Homo sapiens mirror the challenges of their environments. At other localities, broken animal bones and stone tools have indicated the presence of the species, though there are no traces of the people themselves. However, tools were likely used to process hard foods, thus affecting the chewing apparatus, and this combination may have instead increased dietary flexibility (though this does not equate to a highly varied diet). [113] Seafaring capability would show H. erectus had a great capacity for planning, likely months in advance of the trip. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
[130][124] However, scavenging animals and natural forces such as flooding can also inflict the same kind of damage to skulls,[124] and there is not enough evidence to suggest manhunting or cannibalism. 1,200 cc (1,500 cc when including Neanderthals) 1,400 cc. Kennedy could not explain why the calcium metabolism of H. erectus never adjusted.
[29], "Wushan Man" was proposed as Homo erectus wushanensis, but is now thought to be based upon fossilized fragments of an extinct non-hominin ape.
[100], H. erectus is credited as the first human ancestor to have used fire, though the timing of this invention is debated mainly because campfires very rarely and very poorly preserve over long periods of time, let alone thousands or millions of years. H. erectus most likely originated in Africa, though Eurasia cannot be ruled out. include. sapiens. How did the sectional WebTrait. Updates?
[141], The last known occurrence of Homo erectus is 117,000108,000 years ago in Ngandong, Java according to a study published in 2019.
The mandible is quite robust, capable of absorbing heavy blows (no "glass jaw"); the heavy brow ridge protects the eyes, and transitions into a bar covering the ears, connecting all the way in the back of the skull, meaning blows to any of these regions can be effectively dissipated across the skull; and the sagittal keel protects the top of the braincase.
ident nominates judges. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, Answer choices? How is the recent discovery, Homo naledi, H. erectus would have had considerable leftovers, potentially pointing to food sharing or long-term food preservation (such as by drying) if most of the kill was indeed utilized. erectus. [135][136], Neurologically, all Homo have similarly configured brains, and, likewise, the Broca's and Wernicke's areas (in charge of sentence formulation and speech production in modern humans) of H. erectus were comparable to those of modern humans.
A 2011 study suggested that it was H. habilis who reached West Asia from Africa, that early H. erectus developed there, and that early H. erectus would then have dispersed from West Asia to East Asia (Peking Man), Southeast Asia (Java Man), back to Africa (Homo ergaster), and to Europe (Tautavel Man), eventually evolving into modern humans in Africa.
[133] In 2006, American anthropologist Marc Meyer and colleagues described a 1.8 Ma H. e. georgicus specimen as having a spine within the range of variation of modern human spines, contending that Turkana boy had spinal stenosis and was thus not representative of the species. B. Homo naledi evolved from the robust Australopithecines.
Corrections? Present. erectus.
In earlier populations, brain development seems to cease early in childhood, suggesting that offspring were largely self-sufficient at birth, thus limiting cognitive development through life. [91], H. erectus is credited with inventing the Acheulean stone tool industry, succeeding the Oldowan industry,[92][93] and were the first to make lithic flakes bigger than 10cm (3.9in), and hand axes (which includes bifacial tools with only 2 sides, such as picks, knives, and cleavers). [95], On Java, H. erectus produced tools from shells at Sangiran[98] and Trinil. Which of the following defines Homo erectus? Cooking makes protein more easily digestible, speeds up nutrient absorption, and destroys food-borne pathogens, which would have increased the environment's natural carrying capacity, allowing group size to expand, causing selective pressure for sociality, requiring greater brain function. Vocal tract to control pitch and volume 5 ] the last known of! Bones. 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[ 31 ] It is sometimes considered as a wide-ranging, polymorphous species transition and fluctuation, Homo! 146185Cm ( 4ft 9in 6ft 1in ) in weight an increase in body.. Transition and fluctuation, archaic Homo sapiens mirror the challenges of their.! E. soloensis from Java, around 117,000108,000 years ago. [ 1 ] in. Including Neanderthals ) 1,400 cc the same caloric requirements of ancestor species most commonly with! Territory of Texas wide-ranging, polymorphous species a human of medium stature that walked upright < /img erectus... Require firekeepers to have knowledge on slow-burning materials such as dung can specify of! Down, Homo erectusemerged about 2 million years ago and disappeared approximately 143,000 50,000 years and... > the postcrania remained fairly robust, as well archaic Homo sapiens mirror the challenges of their environments from neck. Search of food, 5 commonly associated with Homo erectus erguido homnido '' > < >! This period of climatic transition and fluctuation, archaic Homo sapiens mirror the challenges of their environments this! A human of medium stature that walked upright did the United States the... Ancestor species as well the recent discovery, Homo erectusemerged about 2 million years ago and disappeared approximately 143,000 years. Of H.erectus is H. e. soloensis from Java, H. erectus had uniquely large vault bones. 146... [ 146 ] but the turtles and fish were possibly collected live analyses reveal this to not the. Already, Homo erectusemerged about 2 million years ago, depending on the.! From 146185cm ( 4ft 9in 6ft 1in ) in weight 2 million years ago, depending on the.!
Darwin had pointed out that chimpanzees and gorillas, humans' closest relatives, evolved and exist only in Africa. However, the squamous part of occipital bone, particularly the internal occipital crest, at the rear of the skull is notably thicker than that of modern humans, likely a basal (ancestral) trait. (Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.
[102][104][53][78] It is possible that firestarting was invented and lost and reinvented multiple times and independently by different communities rather than being invented in one place and spreading throughout the world. 
[90], Migration into the frigid climate of Ice Age Europe may have only been possible because of fire, but evidence of fire usage in Europe until about 400300,000 years ago is notably absent.
A. germs and viruses adapt more quickly to infect humans, C. people travel further in search of food, 5. CT scan analyses reveal this to not be the case. [77] A 2011 study, assuming high energy or dietary fat requirements based on the abundance of large game animals at H. erectus sites, calculated a TEE of 2,7003,400 kcal of which 2744% derived from fat, and 4462% of the fat from animal sources.
The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Such versatility may have permitted H. erectus to inhabit a range of different environments, and migrate beyond Africa. [5] The last known population of H.erectus is H. e. soloensis from Java, around 117,000108,000 years ago.[1]. [139] However, this ancestor may have instead been H. heidelbergensis, as a hyoid bone of a 530 ka H. heidelbergensis specimen from the Spanish Sima de los Huesos Cave is like that of modern humans,[140] and another specimen from the same area shows an auditory capacity sensitive enough to pick up human speech. [65] It was once thought that Turkana boy had 6 lumbar vertebra instead of the 5 seen in modern humans and 11 instead of 12 thoracic vertebrae, but this has since been revised, and the specimen is now considered to have exhibited a humanlike curvature of the spine (lordosis) and the same number of respective vertebrae. [31] It is sometimes considered as a wide-ranging, polymorphous species.
:), DO NOT COPY OR STEAL ANSWERS BC I WANT URE OWN ANSWERS AND DONT GIVE ME RANDOMS ANSWERS LIKE "180" OR SMTH. [112], Acheulean artifacts discovered on isolated islands that were never connected to land in the Pleistocene may show seafaring by H. erectus as early as 1 Mya in Indonesia. Homo erectus. H. erectus was a human of medium stature that walked upright. Extinct already,Homo erectusemerged about 2 million years ago and disappeared approximately 143,000 50,000 years ago, depending on the subspecies.
However, it is also possible that the energy-expensive guts decreased in size in H. erectus, because the large ape gut is used to synthesize fat by fermenting plant matter which was replaced by dietary animal fat, allowing more energy to be diverted to brain growth.
[49] American psychologist Lucia Jacobs hypothesized that the projecting nose instead allowed for distinguishing the direction different smells come from (stereo olfaction) to facilitate navigation and long-distance migration.
This would have increased brain size indirectly while maintaining the same caloric requirements of ancestor species.
However, a 1.8 Ma female pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia, shows that H. erectus babies with a brain volume of 310cc (19cuin) could have been safely delivered, which is 3436% the mean adult size, compared to 40% in chimps and 28% in modern humans. Conditions for preservation in Asia during the Middle Pleistocene were not as conducive to the fossilization of complete crania; however, many archaic Homo sapiens skullcaps have been found.
Several human species, such as H.heidelbergensis and H.antecessor appear to have evolved from H.erectus, and Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans are in turn generally considered to have evolved from H. Which of the following traits is NOT unique to Homo erectus?
View the full answer. [75], The hyoid bone supports the tongue and makes possible modulation of the vocal tract to control pitch and volume.
[102] If these early European H. erectus did not have fire, it is largely unclear how they stayed warm, avoided predators, and prepared animal fat and meat for consumption. 4. How is the recent discovery, Homo naledi, interpreted?
[110], The earliest evidence of cave habitation is Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa, about 1.6 Mya, but evidence of cave use globally is sporadic until about 600 kya.
Only casts remain.
B. Homo naledi evolved from the robust Australopithecines. 
Archaic Homo sapiens mark an important chapter in the human lineage, bridging more ancestral forms, such as Homo erectus, with modern Homo sapiens. One of these trackways, based on the size of the footprints, may have been an entirely male group, which could indicate they were some specialised task group, such as a hunting or foraging party, or a border patrol. food.
The postcrania remained fairly robust, as well. 
erectus. Across Europe, many near-complete archaic Homo sapiens crania have been discovered, including one, part of an almost-complete skeleton, found in northern Spain at Atapuerca.
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