they chose to die. It came to pass, after that Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who came out of the land of Chittim, and struck Darius king of the Persians and Medes, it came to pass, after he had struck him, that he reigned in his stead, in former time, over Greece. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem.The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). This might mean the women were forcibly tattooed. Not only the leaders, but also circumcised infants and their mothers are killed as a warning to others. 1 Maccabees . Probably written about 100 B.C.E., the book was included as scripture in the Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible and later included in Christian scripture until the Protestant Reformation, when the apocrypha of the Old Testament were generally rejected by Protestants. The history presented is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus. Both books, which Protestants regard as apocryphal, were recognized by the Fathers as inspired [and canonical at the Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397, 419)] and were later [again] defined as canonical by the Council of Trent (1546). He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. Finally, there is the issue of its revolutionary character. For Jews, a highlight of 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem and the institution of Hanukkah. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. [48] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. And after these things he fell sick, and perceived that he should die. 1 and 2 Maccabees reflect on this question in slightly different ways. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. The historical integrity of the book, which was compiled from official written sources, oral tradition, and eyewitness reporting, is attested to by the absence of almost all of the conventions of the Hellenistic rhetorical school of historiography and by its uncritical use by the later Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. perhaps even Sadducean, tendency interpenetrates the entire work" (Fischer, 4:441) and the "author of 1 Maccabees identifies unreservedly with the rebels and their leaders." (Efron, 47; Sievers, 2). 20 And now we have . As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . I Maccabees is the only contemporary source for the civil wars in Judaea, and the only surviving one for Judaean-Syrian relations after the reign of Antiochus IV. The author, probably a Palestinian Jew, is unknown. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. 2 Maccabees interprets the misfortunes of the Jews as God's punishment for their own sins; the author of 1 Maccabees depicts the problems as due to the external evil of Antiochus IV and his generals, not as a cleansing ordeal that was in some sense divine will. It frequently imitates biblical phraseology and directly cites biblical precedents. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. The first and second Books of Maccabees, though regarded by Jews and Protestants as apocryphal, i.e., not inspired Scripture, because not contained in the Jewish list of books drawn up at the end of the first century A.D., have always been accepted by the Catholic Church as inspired and are called deuterocanonical to indicate that they are canonical even though disputed by some. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. That is, they covered over their circumcision. 15:11). Acts of the Apostles. After a short introduction the book describes the Jewish uprising against Antiochus, whose persecution led to the desecration of the Temple. 64 My children, be courageous and grow strong in the law, for by it you will gain honour. 1 Kings. His severest condemnation goes, not to the Seleucid politicians, but to the lawless apostates among his own people, adversaries of Judas and his brothers, who are models of faith and loyalty. Talk about how this story might have inspired the Jews of Jesus day in the light of their oppression by the Romans. The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. It later became a title given to the rebels as a whole around the 3rd-5th century AD, hence the Septuagint naming the works as books of the Maccabees. This text explicitly states that there is an interim stage where souls are purified and that they can be helped by suffrages offered by the living. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth and . The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. (He had previously become king of Greece.) Uriel Rappaport calls it emblematic of Hasmonean politics in general: that the Hasmonean state was an explicitly Jewish one that sought to separate itself from polytheism, yet was pragmatic and sought allies where they could be found.[9]. The persecution of Antiochus IV presumably radicalized the Jews. He and his three sons begin a military campaign against them, the vicissitudes of which are described in detail. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. Bible Society, Stonehill Green, Westlea, Swindon SN5 7DG. Even in stories set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line. VERSE 38. The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). These two books tell you a lot about Jewish self-definition in the second and first century bc. Acts 4 (King James Version) 1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. Look out for the similarities and differences between the two. Werner Kappler[de] published a critical edition of the Greek text in 1936, an eclectic compilation of the various surviving manuscripts and the best construction of the original text. VERSE 21. and entered presumptuously into the sanctuary, and took the golden altar, and the candlestick of the light, and all that pertained thereto. The author propagates "Hasmonean propaganda" in the sense of upholding the righteousness of the Hasmoneans and their just claim to rule the Hasmonean kingdom. 2 Maccabees, curiously, says nothing about thisdespite its . The two Books of Maccabees contain independent accounts of events (in part identical) that accompanied the attempted suppression of Judaism in Palestine in the second century B.C. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. hanged their babes about their necks. Look out for what you might learn about the Judaism of the period from the story. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. VERSE 5. If this is all new to you, don't worrywe're here to help. VERSE 12. In the year 142 BCE, after more than 500 years of subjugation, the Jews were again masters of their own fate. The book 2 Maccabees, preserved right next to 1 Maccabees in the Septuagint, provides a striking contrast in theology, and the works are often compared. 1 Maccabees A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Journey through the Bible, one book at a time, with the 2nd edition of our Books of the Bible journal. In true Deuteronomic tradition, the author insists on fidelity to the law as the expression of Israels love for God. It is not permitted to do evil that good may result. VERSE 60. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. 1 Samuel. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) In 285 he abdicated in favor of his son Ptolemy II, who became involved in a struggle with the Seleucid kings. [38] Various passages call back to Biblical passages such as Joshua's conquests or the battle of David and Goliath and equate the Hasmoneans' deeds with the earlier stories. Unlike, the writer of 2 Maccabees, he evidences no Pharisaic theology and may have written in order to justify the Maccabeean dynasty against criticism that they were corrupt and were ruling illegitimately as Jewish kings since they were not of the Davidic lineage. [32] Ultimately the relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius breaks down: Maccabees' opinion is that Demetrius "broke his word about all that he had promised; he became estranged from Jonathan and did not repay the favors that Jonathan had done him, but treated him very harshly". 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. saves his butt from a delivery-gone-bonkers, he decides to play nice with . many in Israel were fully resolved. 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. [20], During the Crusades, Pope Urban II and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees 2 to justify the concept of holy war against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of Jerusalem. [11][12], The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. His purpose in writing is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62)especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. View all posts by todd. The later Jewish historian Josephus most likely used some form of this text in writing his account of the Maccabean revolt. Do a bit of research on Hanukkah and talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival. Series: The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. Omissions? 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. I Maccabees presents a historical account of political, military, and diplomatic events from the time of Judaeas relationship with Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria (reigned 175164/163 bce) to the death (135/134 bce) of Simon Maccabeus, high priest in Jerusalem. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). (He had previously become king of Greece.) Friend. Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. The Maccabees books were preserved only by the Christian church. As far as the dates of composition are concerned, these can be taken as approximately 100 B.C. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. each should forsake his own laws. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. First Maccabees gives a detailed account of the struggle in Palestine over a period of fifty years, from the time Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to the throne up to the death of Simon, the last of the Maccabee brothers (134 B.C.). [1], The author of 1 Maccabees is anonymous and unknown. [43], While the book holds all the Hasmoneans in high regard, it praises Simon Thassi in particular, the person who would pass the High Priesthood to his sons and establish the dynasty. Sign up for our short, weekly email about how we're inviting people to discover the Bible. It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. These translations have no copyright restrictions. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis. Updates? The school of philosophy seen in 1 Maccabees is often thought to be a predecessor to the philosophy of the Sadducees in later eras. VERSE 58. Judas's Maccabee title is generally tied to the Aramaic word maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer", in recognition of his prowess in battle. Jonathan becomes high priest (1 Maccabees 10:20). in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Books of Machabees. He even attempts to force Jewish leaders to sacrifice to pagan idols. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. It is not in the Codex Vaticanus. It is considered one of the most accurate accounts of Jewish history for the period which it covers. After the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) It was probably written sometime in the second century bc, in other words very shortly after the events it described. Registered charity 232759. The author sees the revolt as divinely ordained, but downplays direct divine intervention such as miracles. The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. (2) 1 Maccabees 1:11-16:24: History of the Jews from 175 to 135 BC. When, therefore, you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand). 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. He wrote in the post-independence Hasmonean kingdom, probably during the reign of High Priest John Hyrcanus (reigned ~134104 BC), with a few scholars suggesting that early in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 10376 BC) is also a possibility. Buy Also Available At: . And he took the silver and the gold and the precious vessels; and he took the hidden treasures which he found. It tells the story of how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress Temple worship and to destroy the practice of Jewish law. Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include: Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3, The Revolt of the Maccabees: The True Story Behind Hanukkah, "The date of the first Book of Maccabees", "MACCABEES, THE - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "The Original Language of 1 Maccabees: A Reexamination,", "1 Maccabees, the first book of Maccabees", Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III, The First Book of Machabees Liber I Machaborum, Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1141777926, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 3:1 to 9:22, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, 9:23 to 12:53, under the leadership of Jonathan, Chapters 1316, under the leadership of Simon. The origin of 2 Maccabees is debated. IV Maccabees has scanty historical information and belongs to the Maccabees series only because it deals with the beginning of the persecution of Jews by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style" (per Prologus Galeatus). In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. they made themselves uncircumcised. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. the hundred and forty and fifth year. A supporter of the Hasmonean dynasty. 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. The second book is not a sequel to 1 Maccabees; it partially covers the same history (176 - 160 b.c.). 1 Maccabees 1:54. It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view. Judas's brother Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. Antiochus was determined to impose hellenic religion and civilization in Palestine as elsewhere, and naturally this was anathema to the Jews, who at this time were quite faithful to the Covenant with Yahweh. Antiochus persecutes the Jewish people. In 1 Maccabees, those dissatisfied with the Hasmoneans "hated their nation"[39] as a whole; the Hasmoneans were equated with Judea itself. The kingdom began to decline under Ptolemy IV Philopator, who was a bad administrator and led a dissolute life. 1:9). The army of Judas at Bethsura consists of 10,000 according to 1 Macc 4:29, but of 80,000 according to 2 Macc 11:2. 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