Note that amphetamine salts were not introduced in Denmark for treatment of ADHD until 2013 due to official national restrictions and that these types of drugs are therefore not included in our sample criteria. Garnier, Catherine after receiving their final grades). Both the main ADHD sample and the placebo sample have substantially and significantly lower GPAs than found for the full population. The difference between these three types of treatment allows us to estimate the effect of treatment by comparing the outcome across the three different treatment patterns with the DPT acting as a control group and the CPT as a treatment group and the APT as a partial compliance group. Taylor, Eric Much of the current research and publications focuses on the biomedical aspects of this disorder and its treatment. Banaschewski, Tobias and Tettenborn, Michael International studies have also found evidence of such effects from ADHD diagnosis. Harpin, Valerie 2007. To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. 2008. Further knowledge on the importance of each of these pathways in shaping children’s educational outcome could provide valuable insight into how to best address the educational challenges faced by children with behavioral problems, and should be the subject of future research. Taylor, Eric Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurocognitive behavioral developmental disorder most commonly seen in childhood and adolescence, which often extends to the adult years. There do not appear to be significant socioeconomic differences between responders and nonresponders [22–23] nor do individual characteristics (age, gender, IQ, ADHD subtypes and symptoms, neuropsychological characteristics) predict treatment response [24–25]. The patterns of the remaining group, the APTs, are then per definition ambiguous as they cannot be convincingly placed in either the DPT or CPT category. As exclusion restrictions, we use children’s residential region at age three and their birth cohort in the selection equation only [58]. Funding: This work was supported by the Danish Strategic Research Council, grant no. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. I wonder!!!!) Although the use of these drugs is not uncontroversial [16–19], drug therapy has been consistently shown to address core symptoms among children with moderate to severe ADHD [20]. Hence, it is unlikely that the differences in estimated effects with and without controls are important for comparing the differences between DPT, APT and CPT across the treatment and placebo sample. Such developments may increase the probability that individuals continue medical treatment for ADHD once they start. However, as the results for the placebo sample are almost identical we only show the more statistically efficient estimates with adjustment for selection. e0207905. Kim, Seung-Hyun Second, the sample is restricted to cases with valid information on main outcome variables; teacher evaluation and exam GPA. Citation: Keilow M, Holm A, Fallesen P (2018) Medical treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children’s academic performance. Nevertheless, controlling for background characteristics we thus find more than a fifth standard deviation difference between DPT and CPT and more than a tenth of a standard deviation difference between APT and CPT. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Becker, Andreas Relative to a decade ago, there has been extensive research into understanding the factors underlying ADHD, leading to far more treatment options available for both adolescents and adults with … In addition, research from countries with low baseline-levels of ADHD treatment consistently shows that in this context, medical treatment lowers problem behavior [59]. Hornsey, Heatha Project administration, Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. This study tests whether efficient medical treatment of ADHD affects children’s academic performance by utilizing a natural experiment. Including control variables (model 2) further increases these effects to -0.22 for DPT and -0.13 for APT, albeit estimates with controls are not significantly different from the estimates without controls. For several characteristics, there are notable differences between the treatment and placebo sample. The association between family instability and lower educational achievement is well-established, although recent work has called (the generalizability of) causal claims into question [31–33]. The results demonstrate that medical treatment may mitigate the negative social consequences of ADHD. Writing – original draft, Recent work has further shown that both externalizing behaviors and attention deficits contribute to the lower educational attainment [7]. Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Affiliations Mindhood–Child Mental Health Research Program, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, Roles We find significant effects of treatment on both exam and teacher evaluated GPAs: Compared to consistent treatment, part or full discontinuation of treatment has large significant negative effects reducing teacher evaluation and exam GPA with .18 and .22 standard deviations, respectively. During the last 20 years, the number of medical products available has increased, while existing medical products have been enhanced [55–56]. In addition, the control variables have similar effects on both GPA outcomes. Moreover, from our data we find that students in the treatment sample and placebo sample are equally negatively affected by having an ADHD diagnosis in terms of their academic performance. All three categories are mutually exclusive. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is negatively associated with a range of academic achievement measures. The propensity to prescribe medication differs across Danish regions [15,59], wherefore region of residence at a young age likely affects the propensity to enter medical ADHD treatment. Consequently, among a group of individuals diagnosed with ADHD, whether or not the medication reduces individual symptoms is from a medical perspective as good as random. 2007. Table 2 presents descriptive statistics on outcome measures. Therefore, additional research should study the impact of ADHD treatment on peers and families. for this article. First, children who either discontinue medical treatment within the first three months of the RMPS data window or begin treatment during the last three months of the data window are excluded from analyses, as the treatment patterns of these children cannot be convincingly determined. Moreover, there are no differences in GPA outcomes across treatment patterns for students beginning treatment after receiving their school-leaving GPA, which support our main results. Controlling for dosage titration may break the correlation between severity of the condition and treatment continuation. here. We find no significant differences in the effect of treatment with and without confounders and we find no differences in the GPA between medical responders and nonresponders in the placebo sample, indicating that the main results likely express causal effects. In this section, we present main results estimating Eq (1) on the sample of children diagnosed with ADHD. However, as argued above, we believe that selection out of treatment is random. Ko, Young-Hoon Controlling for selection into our sample of initially treated students (model 3) has virtually no impact on the estimated effects across treatment groups, hence sample heterogeneity across birth cohorts seems negligible. Our design has the advantage of circumventing selection into diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, as all children in the sample have been diagnosed and have initiated treatment. Outcome is (A) Standardized Exam GPA and (B) Standardized Teacher Evaluation GPA. and [10] show substantial delay in the maturation of the pre-frontal cortex among children with ADHD. OLS regression models and Heckman two-stage sample selection model. The effect of DPT (full discontinuation) is -0.13, yet insignificant, and the effect of APT is -0.12 and significant. Yang, Jae-Won Unfortunately, many of the symptoms of, So, yes, there are some cases in which children may be on too high of a dose of medication, but a good, 4501 Cartwright Road #102, Missouri City, TX 77459, USA. E-mail: Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark HIII, London SE5 8AF, UK, ADHD is best understood as a cultural construct, COPYRIGHT: © 2004 The Royal College of Psychiatrists, International Consensus Statement on ADHD, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in Great Britain, Early methylphenidate administration to young rats causes a persistent reduction in the density of striatal dopamine transporters, Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, Pathways to care in children at risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Syndromes of hyperactivity and attention deficit, Effect of repeated methylphenidate administration on presynaptic dopamine and behavior in young adult rats, The Epidemiology of Childhood Hyperactivity, Hyperactivity and conduct problems as risk factors for adolescent development, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pathological Child Psychiatry and the Medicalization of Childhood, Find out more about sending to your Kindle, Find out more about sending content to Dropbox, Find out more about sending content to Google Drive, Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder, The Social Competence of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of the Literature, Inhibitory control and psychopathology: A meta-analysis of studies using the stop signal task, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal Teacher evaluation GPA reflects students’ academic performance in class as evaluated by the teacher, whereas exam GPA reflects assessments made by the students’ teacher as well as an external examiner during the school-leaving exams (oral and written). The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews relevant literature and theories on the effect of ADHD and ADHD treatment on educational outcomes. Studies show that birth characteristics predict ADHD symptoms [46–47] and correlate with academic performance measures such as GPA [48].
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