erectus. [citation needed], The human body's ability to adapt to different environmental stresses allows humans to acclimatize to a wide variety of temperatures, humidity, and altitudes. This ancestry is thought to originate from admixture with an unknown archaic hominin that diverged before the split of Neanderthals and modern humans. There also are bands of fibrous connective tissue—the ligaments and the tendons—in intimate relationship with the parts of the skeleton. Delanty, Gerard & Krishan Kumar (2006) The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. The splitting date between human and chimpanzee lineages is placed 4–8 million years ago, during the late Miocene epoch. The earliest bipedal hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus[49] or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal,[50] coming somewhat later. [131][132][133], A rough and incomplete human genome was assembled as an average of a number of humans in 2003, and currently efforts are being made to achieve a sample of the genetic diversity of the species (see International HapMap Project). [346] Also there is no generally accepted definition on what constitutes an ethnic group. "The Next War of the World." The reduced degree of sexual dimorphism is primarily visible in the reduction of the male canine tooth relative to other ape species (except gibbons). The development of eyes starts as early as just two weeks after the conception. The species name " sapiens " means "wise" or "sapient;" " sapiens " is the singular form, so there is no such word as " sapien ". [333], Philosophy is a field of study where humans seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves and the world in which they live. Phospholipids and the steroid compound cholesterol are major components of the membrane that surrounds each cell. Characteristic of the vertebrate form, the human body has an internal skeleton that includes a backbone of vertebrae. [281], The division of humans into male and female gender roles has been marked culturally by a corresponding division of norms, practices, dress, behavior, rights, duties, privileges, status, and power. In general, humans can survive for two to eight weeks without food, depending on stored body fat. The endocrine secretion of the organ contains some very important hormone, including insulin and glucagon. Humans have five basic senses: touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste. This framework consists of many individual bones and cartilages. [241][242] This may focus on intellectual, cognitive, neural, social, or moral development. [188][189] Humans have lived in Africa for the longest period of time, but only a part of Africa's population migrated out of the continent into Eurasia, bringing with them just a portion of the original African genetic variety. An integral component of the digestive system, the small bowel or small intestine serves as the major organ of food absorption. The human brain, the focal point of the central nervous system in humans, controls the peripheral nervous system. A kidney measures roughly the size of a computer mouse and, amazingly, if just 75% of a single kidney is functional, it can support life! Humans do not share the same patterns of variation through geography. The kidneys, on the other hand, serve as the natural purifiers of your body. Thus, the heart is an organ composed of all four tissues, whose function is to pump blood throughout the body. [105][106], Humans, like most of the other apes, lack external tails, have several blood type systems, have opposable thumbs, and are sexually dimorphic. (3) The respiratory system, composed of the breathing passages, lungs, and muscles of respiration, obtains from the air the oxygen necessary for cellular metabolism; it also returns to the air the carbon dioxide that forms as a waste product of such metabolism. For example, heart, blood, blood vessels and lungs are the major components of the blood circulatory system. [70] Modern humans subsequently spread globally, replacing archaic humans (either through competition or hybridization). pp. All of these ions play vital roles in the body’s metabolic processes. Females continue to develop physically until around the age of 18, whereas male development continues until around age 21. ", "Philosophy and information systems: where are we and where should we go? Like all chordates, the human animal has a bilaterally symmetrical body that is characterized at some point during its development by a dorsal supporting rod (the notochord), gill slits in the region of the pharynx, and a hollow dorsal nerve cord. Some organs of the body serve as parts of more than... Thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in adult... You may logically assume that all the persons must have... Do you know how the functions like communication, transportation, reproduction and growth are executed through the collective effort of different organs of the body? [86] The human population is not, however, uniformly distributed on the Earth's surface, because the population density varies from one region to another and there are large areas almost completely uninhabited, like Antarctica. An endomorph has a rounded stocky body. Measuring 5 inches in length, 3.5 inches in width and 2.5 inches in thickness, the human heart appears to be the size of a fist. [156] The number of centenarians (humans of age 100 years or older) in the world was estimated by the United Nations at 210,000 in 2002.[157]. If taken out and joined end to end in a straight line, the blood vessels present in the skin can measure as long as eleven miles. The motion is limited by the ligamentous attachments between ribs and vertebrae. While the nucleotide genetic variation of individuals of the same sex across global populations is no greater than 0.1%-0.5%, the genetic difference between males and females is between 1% and 2%. [285][286] Human language also has the capacity of displacement, using words to represent things and happenings that are not presently or locally occurring, but reside in the shared imagination of interlocutors. Until the 19th century, people knew nothing about the real function of the little rubbery organ, called pancreas. Known as the muscular hydrostat, tongue is the only muscle in the body that works without the support of skeleton. Among organ transplants, the kidney transplant is very common. In biology, a cell is known as the basic building block and the smallest unit of life. In addition to detoxifying poisonous substances, it also manufactures proteins and hormones. The evolution of the human eyebrows is believed to have prevented the influx of sweat into the eyes. Did you know that your eye is so complex that it has over two million working parts in it. [84] Human settlements continue to be vulnerable to natural disasters, especially those placed in hazardous locations and with low quality of construction. [339] The structure of social stratification and the degree of social mobility differs, especially between modern and traditional societies. [2] The space of human body shapes: reconstruction and parameterization from range scans. [147] Helpless at birth, humans continue to grow for some years, typically reaching sexual maturity at 12 to 15 years of age. In the 1940’s, psychologist William Herbert Sheldon proposed a classification of human physique into three categories. [193][194] On average, men have about 40–50% more upper body strength and 20–30% more lower body strength than women. [358], Trade, the voluntary exchange of goods and services, is seen as a characteristic that differentiates humans from other animals and has been cited as a practice that gave Homo sapiens a major advantage over other hominids. The human life span can be split into a number of stages: infancy, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood and old age. Males on average are 15% heavier and 15 cm (6 in) taller than females. [link] The dorsal nerve cord is the spinal cord in humans; it remains throughout life. However, since "corpus" is used in other senses besides a living body (e. g. a dead one, a body of writings), I'd recommend the Greek . These human societies subsequently expanded, establishing various forms of government, religion, and culture around the world, and unifying people within regions to form states and empires. The other organs, like brain, heart, kidney, lungs and pancreas, etc. At the same time, there is coordination and linkage between different organ systems which combine to form an individual. Omissions? ", "Humans not smarter than animals, just different, experts say", "Many Animals—Including Your Dog—May Have Horrible Short-Term Memories", "Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research", "The 'me' illusion: How your brain conjures up your sense of self", "Can We Really Know What Animals Are Thinking? Cognitive psychology studies cognition, the mental processes' underlying behavior. The human body consists of trillions of cells, each capable of growth, metabolism, response to stimuli, and, with some exceptions, reproduction. The hyoid: example of the anchoring function, The facial bones and their complex functions, https://www.britannica.com/science/human-skeleton. Humans have a larger and more developed prefrontal cortex than other primates, the region of the brain associated with higher cognition. An increase in the volume of background noise has been correlated with the perception of food as less sweet or less salty. [167] However global food distribution is not even, and obesity among some human populations has increased rapidly, leading to health complications and increased mortality in some developed, and a few developing countries. [266] Different forms of love have been described, including familial love (love for family), platonic love (love for friends), romantic love (sexual passion) and guest love (hospitality). In the average life span of a human being, the large intestine processes approximately fifty tons of food. [287] Language is central to the communication between humans, and to the sense of identity that unites nations, cultures and ethnic groups. [291] Human art existed at least 75 000 years ago, with jewellery and drawings found in caves in South Africa. The epidermis is the outermost layer that provides a protective, waterproof seal over the body. As of 2018[update], the global average life expectancy at birth of a girl is estimated to be 74.9 years compared to 70.4 for a boy.
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