- Happiness cannot be the purpose of reason. • Pleasure and the absence of pain are the only things desirable as ends in themselves, the only things inherently "good.". • Rule: Accumulated experience of humanity gives good evidence that certain actions either promote or undercut happiness. An action that is ethically required to perform, An action that goes beyond the call of duty. - Rational Beings are persons (vs. things), - Everything seeks pleasure as end and avoidance of pain, Pleasure and avoidance of pain (greatest happiness principle), - Action is right in proportion to its promotion of pleasure. Mill: People who choose lower pleasures over higher pleasures, - Not everyone overwhelmingly chooses higher pleasures over lower, Mill: Response to "Virtuous people renounce happiness", • Based on the happiness of all people, not just an individual. Kant: What does the moral worth of an action come from? strong because, if the premises were true, then the conclusion would be probable. premises are true and the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. Mill: How is utilitarianism rooted in the social nature of humans? Kant: What type of beings are Rational Beings? as any philosophical pursuit. • Desire to be in unity with other humans and fear others' disapproval. Choose from 500 different sets of intro to ethics flashcards on Quizlet. T or F - Philosophy encourages a subjective worldview. Kant: What does it mean to have a good will? Kant: What cannot be the purpose of reason? • Comes from the principles of volition (voluntary), - Maxim - Generally any simple and memorable rule or guide for living, • I should never action except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law, Kant: If the maxim is bad, universalizing it can be... (2 things), Kant: What (adjective) are rational beings, - Rational beings are autonomous (self-lawgiving), Saying yes an no to the maxim; making myself an exception. Mill: How are higher faculties and contentment related? Moral knowledge is impossible. You should then regard the theory as, Suppose your favored moral theory says that moral rightness is relative to each individual. Aquinas: how can laws be unjust to human good (3 ways)? A consequentialist theory may define the good as, pleasure, happiness, well-being, or flourishing, A major reason for devising a moral theory is to, A moral theory is ________ on an issue such as euthanasia, an explanation of what makes an action right or what makes a person or thing good, A moral theory that judges the rightness of abortion by the end result of the action is, A moral theory that suggests that our moral judgments cannot be rationally supported is inconsistent with, A moral theory that would have us torturing infants for fun conflicts with, A person who reasons that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered, is a(n), A traditional natural law theorist would say that lying is immoral because it, According to Kant, the principle and the maxims derived from the categorical imperative are, According to ________, right actions are those that directly produce the greatest overall good, everyone considered, Applying the moral criteria of adequacy is, Evaluating the worth of a moral theory requires the application of the, If Erika maintains that killing the innocent is wrong because the action is contrary to God's will, she probably accepts the, If John always acts to produce the most favorable balance of good over evil for himself, he is probably, In addition to being consistent with our considered moral judgments, a plausible moral theory should be consistent with, John Rawls says that ________ are those judgments rendered under conditions favorable to justice, as opposed to judgments made with hesitation or little confidence, Suppose a moral theory is inconsistent with two of your most trustworthy and important moral judgments (and other considerations do not counterbalance this fact). • All ethical standards judge actions in themselves, Mill: Connection of Religion and Utlitarianism, • If God desires the happiness of all His creatures, then utilitarianism is more religious than others, Mill: Stance on acting against society's interests, • Rejects the idea that there is not enough time to weigh effects of an action before taking action, Mill: Repose to theories are too allowing, • External sanctions: exist externally to the human agent as an individual, • People are more likely to follow moral principles if they are based in objective fact.
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