Evolution's answer is to replace the delicate pleura with dense connective tissue. A trunk contains more than 40,000 muscles and tendons, and its tip is very sensitive, making it very precise (elephants can pick up from the floor objects by the size of a coin). Unlike humans, who are about 89 percent right-handed, elephants tend to be left- or right-trunked in equal measure. Humans can only use a foot long snorkel tubes, because for deeper snorkels the mismatch between air pressure inside lungs and the increasing outside pressure can make blood vessels swell and rupture. During the mean follow-up period of 54.2 ± 36.9 months, there were 9 (15.5%) late deaths, and 7 (12.1%) patients required additional intervention. Concomitant procedures included 15 coronary artery bypass grafts, 2 aortic valve replacements, 1 aortic root replacement, and 3 maze procedures. Courtesy of R. E. Brown, J. P. Butler, and S. H. Loring. trailer <<01CFA313F7B547969ACCA21FC60D78BA>]/Prev 931107>> startxref 0 %%EOF 370 0 obj <>stream As animals born with long trunks had an advantage, they thrived. 1 April 2019 | Advances in Physiology Education, Vol. The elephant's trunk contains over 40,000 muscles, divided into as many as 150,000 individual units! This enables Disqus, Inc. to process some of your data. "Application in human medicine will come later on, if the chapter about laterality in unpaired grasping organs is enlarged to further examples.". Long-term results of the frozen elephant trunk technique for the extensive arteriosclerotic aneurysm. Another unique feature of the elephant is its trunk, and this allows it to snorkel at depth, as observed by Aristotle (2) some 2,300 years ago: “Just then as divers are sometimes provided with instruments for respiration, through which they can draw air from above the water, and thus may remain for a long time under the sea, so also have elephants been furnished by nature with their lengthened nostril; and, whenever they have to traverse the water, they lift this up above the surface and breathing [sic] through it.” There are many descriptions of elephants crossing rivers or lakes by walking on the bottom while breathing through the trunk, the tip of which just protrudes above the surface. h��UkpU>7�y�6��eA-�0e"�В�t�S�J�i�2m'��h��c�٤��E� "f�,��2F�P� �R�0 -�*F-�����(S�����u7��s��;� ����s0��a@ Z,�� 8l��r �=0���S�0�Y'x+�4CF�6P��G`L��-�8�2�j mLl��씩����uT&��r(�g��t����C���R^A_oiӾDې� i0�*����}����%�y��q��=�������i��v�AO�ނv�����/[TC�J�s����#'��5�Z�4 ��֕. Courtesy of R. E. Brown, J. P. Butler, and S. H. Loring. However, the elephant diaphragm is ~3 cm thick (3), an order of magnitude thicker than the human diaphragm. Elephant Trunks actually have "fingers." They simply walk across the riverbed. It may be used to chase away flies or to hug affectionately another elephant's trunk. For example, a monkey grabbing for a banana would benefit from being able to choose the hand closest to the food, he notes. Therefore, near the outer surface of the lung the pressure abruptly changes from 0 to ~150 mmHg. Eventually, modern elephants with long, strong trunks evolved and flourished. A similar comparison could not be made for object contact because none of the animals demonstrated a weak side preference when moving the trunk finger, says Martin. Compare that to the human body, which contains a paltry 639 muscles, and you start to get an idea how intricate the appendage is. African elephants have two while Asian elephants only have one. Moreover, elephants have a special dentition, which largely impedes size fluctuations in their heads. FIGURE 3. Edward Taub, PhD, a psychology professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham who develops physical therapies for stroke patients, cautiously agrees. This work was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grant RO1-HL-60698. Some of the finest movements occur in the elephant's finger-like trunk tip, which can grasp and manipulate small objects. 2B, which is drawn assuming that the bottom of the elephant lung is 2 m below the surface of the water. And that could lead to progress in human medicine, including brain-injury rehabilitation, says Martin. Soc. Entry: Global Warming Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit ... rapidly elongate over the course of a few days. 43, No. But elephants are among the most intelligent animals, and losing the advantage of a smart brain is not advantageous in evolution. A male elephant’s tusks are bigger and heavier than those of a female of the same age, says Poole, who serves as scientific director of a nonprofit called ElephantVoices. But elephant lungs are different: instead of having a pleural space between lungs and the chest case as humans and most mammals do, elephants have dense sheets of fibery tissue, allowing their lungs to withstand pressures that would cause human lungs to collapse. Systemic arterial and venous pressures will rise by the same amount, but the pressure in the alveoli is atmospheric (0). As indicated earlier, the snorkeling behavior may have developed when the animal lived in water, and this would provide a very strong evolutionary pressure. Figure 4 shows a photomicrograph of a portion of parietal pleura from an 18-yr-old male African elephant (3). 4 and 5. The researchers captured 3,048 incidents of object contact--that is, wrapping the trunk finger around a tuft of grass. A microvessel in the parietal pleura has a pressure within it of >150 mmHg because it is supplied by systemic blood. A disadvantage of infrasonic communication is the relatively high level of background noise in this low frequency range caused by wind and human generated noise. Figure 3 shows the histology of the parietal pleura from a typical mammal, in this case a sheep.
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